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Wind:
Wind energy is harnessed using wind turbines on land or at sea (offshore). Kinetic energy from the wind is converted to mechanical energy in a gearbox.
The majority of modern wind turbines consist of three-bladed rotors.
The rotors are connected to a low-speed shaft. In order to increase the speed of the shaft, the gearbox increases to shaft speed to match the rotational speed of a induction generator.
While wind farms require a large area to produce a commercially viable quantity of electricity, very little of the land – approximately 3% – is actually Background 7 occupied by the turbines.
As a result, most of the land the wind farm officially occupies may still be used for grazing or tillage, as an example.
The advantage of offshore wind farms is that the effect of visual impact is reduced, and the open ocean provides a very good wind resource.
However, since these sites are isolated and at sea, they may be difficult and costly to construct and maintain.
As fossil fuel prices rise, however, offshore wind projects may become more economically viable.
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Natural Gas:
Natural gas has gained in momentum as an energy source in recent years.
As a fuel, natural gas combustion emits less pollution than other fossil fuels as it is generally low in impurities, and is versatile in its application.
Natural gas combustion fuels the production of steam, which powers electricity generating turbines. In a combined-cycle natural gas power plant, different thermodynamic cycles may be combined to improve overall plant efficiency.
The first cycle operates at a higher- temperature while the second harnesses the energy contained in the resulting waste heat.
Due to the higher efficiency of these facilities, the environmental impact per unit of 6 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy electricity or natural gas consumed decreases. Most new gas-fired power plants constructed today in North America and Europe are combined-cycle.
Natural gas has the highest impact in ozone depletion. all of the emissions of significance, however, have some element of combustion involved either as the process itself or in its manufacturing process. depletion impact of these processes is likely due to incomplete combustion forming NOx emissions.
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The use of fossil energy is the main contributor to many environmental pressures and the fuels will ultimately be depleted.
A transition to renewable energy sources hence appears necessary.
Renewable energy technologies, however, have substantial land requirements and require more investment in infrastructure to harvest the energy.
Environmental impacts hence are of different nature and to a degree earlier in the life-cycle, that is, in the construction of the power plants rather than their operation.
As environmental issues, in particular climate change, become increasingly important, energy use and supply come under intense scrutiny. The sheer magnitude of global energy use and its rapid growth have severe environmental implications.
The global human population continues to grow, and countries are continuing to develop, causing steep increases in the demand for energy. At the current rate of increasing energy use, energy demand is expected to increase 65% from 2004 levels by 2030.
However, the majority of energy currently used globally is derived from non- renewable sources
Solar:
Solar energy, as the name implies, exploits the energy from solar radiation to produce usable energy.
There is significant potential in this source of energy: the total solar radiation intercepted by Earth is on the order of 8000 times greater than the human primary energy demand.
Unfortunately, the ability of humans to effectively collect and transform this energy remains severely limited. Currently, two methods of harnessing solar energy exist: concentrated solar power (CSP) and solar photovoltaics (PV).
The former involves focusing, or concentrating, solar energy to heat a working liquid to produce steam which in turn powers a turbine. The latter, photovoltaics, uses cell arrays to capture solar energy and convert it into direct current electricity.
Only photovoltaic energy is considered in this work. Various PV technologies currently exist and the area is still developing rapidly. High- purity silicon is usually the material of choice in solar PV cells.
The general concept behind solar PV is that the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by a solar cell.
The energy in the photons promotes electrons in the solar cell, creating an electric potential. Cell arrays may be grouped in large collection to form a sun farm, or installed on rooftops and building facades as a decentralized source of energy.
Bioenergy:
Biomass is generally looked favorable upon as a renewable energy source.
One reason this source is frequently promoted is that much of the CO2 emitted from its combustion, is offset by the CO2 absorbed by the plant during its life cycle to produce biomass.
However, studies have shown that the carbon sequestration capability of a mature tree, for example, is much greater than that of the resulting cleared area. In addition, the relatively instantaneous release of carbon stored in wood biomass has a significantly larger impact on global warming than the gradual decomposition process that would occur in a forest.
The chemical composition of biomass is also low in sulphur, resulting in lowered SO2 emissions over those of fossil fuels.
Biomass can be converted to electricity through several different media; it may be combusted as-is, or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels.
Of particular concern are particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dioxins, etc. resulting from incomplete combustion. These pollutants are of concern both environmentally and health-wise for the occupants of the building especially as there are rarely emissions controls in place.
Coal:
Coal is currently the dominant fuel source for electricity production. Several forms of coal exist, which vary in carbon content. The energy density of coal increases with the carbon content. In addition, higher carbon content results in a cleaner-burning fuel.
Anthracite, or hard coal, is the cleanest burning and most energy-intensive form of coal. The fuel is combusted to produce steam, which turns a turbine to generate electricity.
The main environmental concerns associated with conventional coal combustion include the emission of CO2 , SO2 , NOx and mercury.
Due to the prevalence of coal combustion and abundant supply of coal in the world, it is important that improvements be made to the coal combustion process.
The most recent and significant advances include improvement to combustion efficiency by using different combustion techniques, implementation of enhanced flue gas cleaning equipment, coal transformation technologies, integrated gasification combined cycle and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.